Name the programmes envisaged to implement the policy of universalization of Primary education.

Hint: Universalization of Primary education is an attempt to provide free education to all children irrespective of caste, creed, religion and gender.

Complete Step by Step answer:
The important goal of the national policies since independence was to provide free and compulsory education to all children upto the age of 14 years. Universalization of primary education is a modern concept. Earliest attempts were made by William Adam in 1838 towards the enforcement of compulsory primary education in India.

After the independence of India, in 1950 the compulsory universalization of primary education was inserted in article 45 of the Indian Constitution It was scheduled to be achieved by 1960. The framework of the Primary Education Programme was conducted in partnership with the centre and states. The centrally sponsored policies and programmes were:
a. District primary education programmes
b. Mid day meals
c. Sarva Sikhsha Abhiyan
d. Education guarantee schemes.
e. Alternative and innovative education
f. Sikhsha Karmi project
g. Lok Jumbish
h. Education for all

Besides these there were several others. All the above programmes aim at inclusion of underprivileged children, improvement of nutritional conditions, universalization and priority towards primary education.Primary education is one of the most important areas which needs to be stressed upon in order to increase national productivity. It is a major factor for spreading mass literacy. Primary education is the principal aspect for improvement of social structures, modernization and a successful functioning democracy.

Note: Providing access to primary education in India must be the first and foremost goal of India. Children must be encouraged to come to school. Parents must be motivated to send their child to schools and take care that they at least complete their basic education. Since many girls in India get married at an early age, more schemes by the government must be introduced to ensure that girls attend schools for their elementary education