What happens in over modulation?

Hint: In the question, we are asked to explain what is the process that happens in over modulation. One could begin by explaining what modulation is. Then, one could try to explain how modulation becomes overmodulation. Then you could explain how this is realised.

Complete answer:
In the question, we are asked to explain what happens in over modulation. In order to answer this question, one should be well versed with the concept of modulation. So, first let us explain what modulation is. This is a term that comes under the concept of electronics and telecommunications.
Modulation basically is the process where one or more properties of an arbitrary waveform which is called the carrier signal with another separate signal which is called the modulation signal that contains that is to be transmitted.
Over modulation is said to occur when the maximum level is exceeded. This would result in distortion, or maybe even equipment damage. We could make use of limiters as a way to prevent over modulation. Limiters also help in peak clipping. The VU meter measures the percentage of modulation.

Note: In case you are wondering about the consequences of overmodulation, they result in sharp edges or maybe even bends in the waveform of the envelope of the transmitted signal which is regardless of the frequency of the audio. Over modulation also results in false emissions that is caused by the modulated carrier and also the distortion of the recovered signal that is being modulated.